Vitamin C

Vitamin C
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-oxo-L-threo-hexono-1,4- lactone-2,3-enediol or (R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((S)- 1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2(5H)-one
Identifiers
CAS number	50-81-7
ATC code	A11G
PubChem	644104
Chemical data
Formula	C6H8O6
Mol. mass	176.13 grams per mol
Synonyms	L-ascorbate
Physical data
Melt. point	190–192 °C (374–378 °F) decomposes
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	rapid & complete
Protein binding	negligible
Metabolism	?
Half life	16 days (3.4 hours in people who have excess levels of vitamin C)
Excretion	renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	A
Legal status	general public availability
Routes	oral

Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an essential nutrient for higher primates, and a small number of other species. The presence of ascorbate is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and in plants and is made internally by almost all organisms, humans being one notable exception. It is widely known as the vitamin whose deficiency causes scurvy in humans.

The pharmacophore of vitamin C is the ascorbate ion. In living organisms, ascorbate is an antioxidant, as it protects the body against oxidative stress, and is a cofactor in several vital enzymatic reactions.

As a nutrient, its uses and the daily requirement are matters of on-going debate. As a food additive, vitamin C is used as an antioxidant preservative and an acidity regulator. Several E numbers account for the vitamin, depending on its chemical structure: E300 as ascorbic acid, E301 as the salt sodium ascorbate, E302 as the salt calcium ascorbate, E303 as the salt potassium ascorbate, E304 for the esters ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate, and E315 for the stereoisomer erythorbic acid.

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