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Altaic
Geographic
distribution:
Eastern Europe, Central Asia, North Asia and East Asia
Genetic
classification:
While the status of the family itself is controversial, language families encompassing Altaic together with other families have been proposed, such as the Ural-Altaic and Nostratic
Subdivisions:TurkicMongolicTungusic (Manchu-Tungus)Korean and its extinct relatives (sometimes included)Japonic and its extinct relatives (sometimes included)Ainu (rarely included)
ISO 639-2:tut

Distribution of Altaic languages in Eurasia

Altaic is a proposed language family which includes 66 languages spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. The relationships among these languages remain a matter of debate among historical linguists. Some scholars consider the apparent similarity among these languages to indicate a genetic relationship; others propose that they are not a genetic family, but a Sprachbund, a group of languages which have become similar in some ways because of geographical proximity.

The proponents of Altaic traditionally considered it to include the Turkic languages, the Mongolic languages, the Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus), and sometimes Japanese or Korean. CastrĂ©n (1862) put forward a similar view, but classified Turkic with what is now called Uralic. In 1857 Anton Boller suggested adding Korean and Japanese; for Korean, G.J. Ramstedt and E.D. Polivanov put forward more etymologies in the 1920s. Korean has commonly been linked to Japonic, and in 1971, Roy Andrew Miller suggested relating Japonic to both Korean and Altaic. These suggestions were taken up and developed by various historical linguists such as John Whitman, Sergei Starostin, and Alexander Vovin (who later changed his opinion and strongly rejected the hypothesis of a genetic connection between Korean and Japanese).

There have been some attempts to extend the Altaic family borders by including Ainu (e.g., Street 1962, Patrie 1982), Tamil, Nivkh, or Hungarian, but these proposals have been rejected by the majority of scholars. A proposed grouping that includes Japanese and Korean and possibly Ainu is sometimes called "Macro-Altaic", with "Micro-Altaic" occasionally used to specifically refer to the association of only the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages. Possible genetic connections of Altaic or Macro-Altaic with some other Eurasian languages (especially Indo-European and Uralic) have been explored in connection with the Eurasiatic macrofamily proposed by Joseph Greenberg and with Nostratic, which are also rejected by mainstream linguists.


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